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Breast Cancer in Nigerian Women: You Need to Know This

Breast cancer remains a significant health issue among Nigerian women, representing the most common cancer type diagnosed in women across the country. With breast cancer accounting for approximately 22% of new cancer cases in women and 18.1% of cancer-related deaths in Nigeria, it’s very clear that breast cancer awareness and early detection are critical to improving survival rates.

Despite growing awareness globally, many Nigerian women continue to face challenges when it comes to early diagnosis and treatment. Late-stage detection, limited access to quality healthcare, and cultural factors all contribute to this high mortality rate. 

In this article, we’ll talk about what breast cancer is, its causes, symptoms, and most importantly, how Nigerian women can reduce their risk and seek timely medical care. Let’s dive into the key facts and proactive steps you can take to safeguard your health.

What Is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast tissue begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. These tumors can either be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors can spread to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early. Most breast cancers begin in the ducts (ductal carcinoma), which carry milk to the nipple, but they can also start in the glands (lobular carcinoma) responsible for milk production.

Breast cancer can affect anyone, though it’s more common in women. It’s important to note that while the majority of cases occur in women, men can also develop breast cancer, albeit at much lower rates.

Why Is Breast Cancer So Prevalent in Nigeria?

The high prevalence and mortality rates of breast cancer in Nigeria are largely due to late-stage detection. Many women in Nigeria don’t seek medical attention until the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage (Stage III or IV). At these later stages, treatment options are limited, and the chances of survival decrease significantly. This trend can be attributed to several factors:

  • Limited access to healthcare: Many women, especially those in rural areas, have difficulty accessing quality medical care, including screening services.
  • Lack of awareness: Breast cancer awareness is still relatively low in many parts of Nigeria, and many women may not recognize early symptoms.
  • Cultural and social stigma: In some communities, discussing cancer or women’s health issues is considered taboo, leading to delays in seeking treatment.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Most women associate breast cancer with the presence of a lump in the breast. However, it’s important to know that breast cancer can present itself in other ways. Here are some key symptoms to watch for:

  • A lump or mass in the breast or underarm (armpit)
  • Changes in the size or shape of the breast
  • Nipple discharge that isn’t breast milk
  • Pain or tenderness in the breast or nipple
  • Skin changes on the breast, such as dimpling, redness, or thickening
  • Inversion of the nipple (nipple turning inward)

These symptoms can be very subtle, but they should never be ignored. Early detection is the most powerful tool we have against breast cancer, so please keep a watchful eye over your breasts.

Why Early Detection Is Crucial

The earlier breast cancer is detected, the better the chances of successful treatment and survival. Early detection usually means the cancer is still localized to the breast and has not yet spread to other parts of the body. Treatments at this stage are less invasive and more likely to be successful.

In Nigeria, one of the primary challenges in managing breast cancer is that many women do not undergo regular screening, such as mammograms, which could detect cancer before symptoms even appear. Often, by the time a woman visits the doctor, the cancer has already reached an advanced stage, making it harder to treat. During Breast Cancer Awareness Month in October, health organizations encourage women to take advantage of available screening programs.

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer, some of which are within your control, while others are not. Understanding these risk factors can help you assess your risk and take preventive measures.

  • Age: The risk of breast cancer increases with age, particularly after the age of 50.
  • Family history: Women with close relatives who have had breast cancer are at a higher risk.
  • Genetic mutations: Certain inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can significantly raise the risk of breast cancer.
  • Hormonal factors: Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55) can increase exposure to estrogen, raising the risk of breast cancer.
  • Lifestyle choices: Sedentary lifestyles, poor diet, high alcohol consumption, and smoking can contribute to an increased risk.

It’s important to remember that having one or more risk factors does not mean you will develop breast cancer, but being aware of them helps you take steps to reduce your risk.

Causes of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer, like most cancers, develops due to a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. While genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase the risk, the majority of breast cancers are not inherited. Hormonal imbalances, such as increased exposure to estrogen, can also contribute. Environmental factors like diet, lifestyle, and exposure to harmful chemicals play a role in breast cancer development.

While we don’t fully understand all the causes of breast cancer, we do know that adopting a healthy lifestyle and undergoing regular screenings can significantly lower your risk.

Steps to Reduce Your Risk of Breast Cancer

There is no foolproof way to prevent breast cancer, but you can take proactive steps to lower your risk. Here are some important lifestyle changes that can make a difference:

  • Stay physically active: Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of breast cancer. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.
  • Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight, particularly after menopause, increases the risk of breast cancer.
  • Limit alcohol intake: Drinking alcohol is directly linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Limit your intake to reduce the risk.
  • Avoid smoking: Smoking has been associated with many cancers, including breast cancer. Quitting smoking benefits your overall health and reduces your risk.
  • Breastfeed if possible: Breastfeeding for a few months, or longer, has been shown to reduce breast cancer risk due to the lowering of estrogen exposure.

Diet and Breast Cancer Risk

What you eat plays an important role in your overall health. Maintaining a balanced diet can help reduce the risk of many diseases, including breast cancer. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains provides the body with essential nutrients that support immune function and overall well-being.

Avoid processed foods and limit your intake of saturated fats and sugary drinks. These foods can contribute to weight gain, which is a known risk factor for breast cancer.

The Protective Role of Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding offers numerous benefits for both mother and child, and one of its advantages is lowering the risk of breast cancer. Research suggests that breastfeeding reduces a woman’s lifetime exposure to estrogen, one of the hormones linked to breast cancer. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protective effect.

The Importance of Mammograms and Regular Checkups

Regular breast cancer screening through mammograms is one of the most effective ways to detect the disease early. Women aged 40 and above are encouraged to have mammograms every one to two years. If you have a family history of breast cancer or other risk factors, you may need to start screening earlier—talk to your healthcare provider about the right time for you.

In Nigeria, access to mammograms may be limited in some areas, but making regular checkups a priority is vital. If you notice any changes in your breasts, don’t wait—see a doctor right away.

Dense Breast Tissue and Mammograms

Women with dense breast tissue face unique challenges when it comes to breast cancer detection. Dense breast tissue can make it harder to spot abnormalities on a mammogram, which means additional screening methods, like ultrasound or MRI, may be needed. If you have dense breasts, talk to your doctor about the best screening options for you.

Conclusion

Breast cancer is a growing concern for women in Nigeria, but knowledge and awareness can save lives. By understanding the risk factors, staying informed about early detection, and adopting healthier lifestyle habits, Nigerian women can take significant steps to reduce their risk of breast cancer.

As we mark Breast Cancer Awareness Month, let’s share this vital information with our mothers, sisters, and friends. Regular screenings, early diagnosis, and small lifestyle changes can make a big difference in the fight against breast cancer. 

The Pink ribbon is the internationally recognized symbol for breast cancer awareness

The pink ribbon is a powerful symbol of hope, strength, and unity in the fight against breast cancer. Wearing or sharing it reminds us to support one another, raise awareness, and encourage early detection, because together, we can make a difference in saving lives.

Remember, when it comes to your health, there is no such thing as being too cautious and do not let yourself be discouraged from seeking medical attention. Take charge of your health and body today and encourage the women in your life to do the same.

Related: Understanding the Mental and Emotional Impact of PCOS on Women

Nucleusis is a healthcare financing company dedicatied to bettering healthcare outcomes across Africa through accessible financing for healthcare providers.

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